Electrical Discharge Machining

  In electrical discharge machining , metal is removed by producing powerful electric spark discharge between the tool and the work material. this principle is followed in electric discharge machining. 

Transducers

Transducers is a device which converts one form of energy into another form of energy. In ultrasonic machining process it converts the electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Types of  Transducer
 
   The following types of transducers are used in ultrasonic machining process for the production of ultrasonic waves.

1. Magnetostriction transducer.
2. Piezoelectric transducer.

MAGNETOSTRICTION TRANSDUCER

Principle : When a rod of ferromagnetic material such as iron or nickle is kept in a magnetic filed parallel to its length is, the rod suffers a change in length. the change in lrngth in length is independent of the direction of the magnetic field and depends only on the magnitude of the field and nature of the material. this phenomenon is known as Magnetostriction effect.

Ultrasonic Machinig

Ultrasonic machining is one kind of grinding method. Its is also known as ultrasonic grinding or impact grinding. The term ultrasonic refers to waves of high frequency. Human ear can hear the sound waves between 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This range is known as audible range are called infrasonic waves. The sound waves having frequencies above the audible range are known as ultrasonic waves. The ultrasonic machining process is suitable only for hard and brittle materials like carbides, glass ceramics, silicon, precious stones, germanium, titanium, tungsten, tool steels, die steels, die steels, etc

Water Jet Machining

Introduction
   Water jet machining process is an extension of  abrasive jet machinig process, high pressure and high velocity stream of water is used to cut the relatively soft and non-metallic meterials like paper bords, wood, plastics, rubber, fibre glass, leather, etc.

PRINCIPLE
  When the high velocity of water jet comes out of the nozzle and strickes the material, its kinetic energy is converted into pressure energy including high stresses in the work material. when this induced strees exceeds the ultimate shear stress of the material, small chips of the material get loosened and fresh surface is exposed.

Characteristics of Unconventional Machining Process

1. The unconventional machining processes do not employ a conventional or traditional tool for metal removal, instead, they directly unitize some of energy for metal machinery.

2. The tool material need not be harder than the work piece material.

3. A harder and difficult to machine materials such as carbides, stainless steel, nitralloy hastalloy and many other high strength, temperature resistant alloys can be machined by unconventional machining processes.

4. The machined surface do not have any residual stresses.

Unconventional Machining Processes

The Unconventional machining processes do not employ a conventional or traditional tool for metal removal, instead, they directly utilize some form of energy for metal machining. In this process, there is no direct physical contact between the tool and the work piece.

Conventional Machining Processes

In conventional machining processes, metal is removed by using some sort of tool which is harder than the work piece and it is subjected to wear. In this process, tool and work piece are in direct contact with each other. In other words, the conventional machining processes involve removal of metal by compression shear chip formation.

Water Jet Machining

Water  Jet

the Machining (WJM) process is an extended of abrasive jet machining process. In this process, high-pressure and high-velocity stream of water is used to cut the relatively soft and non - metallic material like paper boards, plastic, rubber, Fibreglass, leather, etc.

BEARINGS

Bearings

bearings is a stationary machine element which supports rotating shafts or axles and it confines their motion. Natural, a bearing will be required to offer minimum frictional resistance to moving parts so as to results in minimum loss of power. In order to reduce frictional resistance, a layer of fluid may be provided.

Shafts

Shafts

The Shaft is a rotating machine element which transmits power from one member to another member.

It is one of the most common and basic machine element which are used in a variety of ways in mechanical equipment. It is used with power transmission elements such as gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, etc. 

These shafts are designed to transmit the required torque and support the rotating element such as gears and pulleys. These elements produce bending moment in addition to torque. A shaft must be strong enough to sustain satic and dynamic loads.